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T he earth is composed of various kinds of elements. These elements are in solid form in the outer layer of the earth and in hot and molten form in the interior. About 98% of the total crust of the earth is composed of eight elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium and the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorus, manganese, sulphur, carbon, nickel and other elements. The elements in the earth‘s crust are rarely found exclusively but are usually combined with other elements to make various substances. The substances are cognized as minerals.The basic source of all minerals is the hot magma found in the interior of the earth. When magma cools, crystals of minerals appear and a systematic switch of mirrors are formed in sequence to solidify so as to form rocks minerals such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are organic substances found in solid, liquid and gaseous forms respectively.Metallic mineralsThese minerals contain metal content and can be subdivided into three types;i. Precious metals: gold, silver, platinum etc.ii. Ferrous metal: Iron and other metals often mixed with iron to form various kinds of steel.iii. Non-ferrous metal: include metal like copper, lead, zinc, tin, aluminium etc.Non-metallic mineralsThese minerals do not contain metal contents. Sulphur, phosphorus and nitrates are example of non-metallic minerals. Cement is a mixture of non-metallic minerals.RocksStudy of rock is known as petrology. There are many different kinds of rocks which are grouped under three families on the basis of their mode of formation. They are:i. Ignatius rocksii. Sedimentary rocksiii. Metamorphic rocksIgnatius rocks* form out of magma and lava from the interior of the earth.* Also known as igneous rock.* Granite, gabbro, pegmatites, basalt, volcanic breccia and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.Sedimentary rocks* The rocks are broken into various size of fragments.* Depending upon the mode of formation sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups: I. Mechanically formed- sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. II. Organically formed- geyserite, chalk, coal etc. III. Chemically formed- chert, halite, potash etc.Metamorphic rocks* These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature changes.* Metamorphic rocks are classified into two major groups: I. Foliated rocks. II. Non-foliated rocks. * Gneissoid, granite, syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc
T
he earth is composed of various kinds of elements. These elements are in solid form in the outer layer of the earth and in hot and molten form in the interior. About 98% of the total crust of the earth is composed of eight elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium and the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorus, manganese, sulphur, carbon, nickel and other elements.
The elements in the earth‘s crust are rarely found exclusively but are usually combined with other elements to make various substances. The substances are cognized as minerals.
The basic source of all minerals is the hot magma found in the interior of the earth. When magma cools, crystals of minerals appear and a systematic switch of mirrors are formed in sequence to solidify so as to form rocks minerals such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are organic substances found in solid, liquid and gaseous forms respectively.
Metallic minerals
These minerals contain metal content and can be subdivided into three types;
i. Precious metals: gold, silver, platinum etc.
ii. Ferrous metal: Iron and other metals often mixed with iron to form various kinds of steel.
iii. Non-ferrous metal: include metal like copper, lead, zinc, tin, aluminium etc.
Non-metallic minerals
These minerals do not contain metal contents. Sulphur, phosphorus and nitrates are example of non-metallic minerals. Cement is a mixture of non-metallic minerals.
Rocks
Study of rock is known as petrology. There are many different kinds of rocks which are grouped under three families on the basis of their mode of formation. They are:
i. Ignatius rocks
ii. Sedimentary rocks
iii. Metamorphic rocks
Ignatius rocks
* form out of magma and lava from the interior of the earth.
* Also known as igneous rock.
* Granite, gabbro, pegmatites, basalt, volcanic breccia and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
Sedimentary rocks
* The rocks are broken into various size of fragments.
* Depending upon the mode of formation sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups: I. Mechanically formed- sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. II. Organically formed- geyserite, chalk, coal etc. III. Chemically formed- chert, halite, potash etc.
Metamorphic rocks
* These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature changes.
* Metamorphic rocks are classified into two major groups: I. Foliated rocks. II. Non-foliated rocks.
* Gneissoid, granite, syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc